diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts b/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts
index 42ba24da..6fd15cc2 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render/minimal';
 import { playbackRate } from '@videojs/skins/default/tailwind/audio.tailwind';
 import {
@@ -17,9 +16,10 @@ import {
   time,
   tooltipState,
 } from '@videojs/skins/minimal/tailwind/audio.tailwind';
+import { createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { cn } from '@videojs/utils/style';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
 import '../media/container';
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class MinimalAudioSkinTailwindElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class MinimalAudioSkinTailwindElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'audio-minimal-skin-tailwind';
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(MinimalAudioSkinTailwindElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.ts b/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.ts
index 1cef15b3..24540a9c 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/audio/minimal-skin.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render/minimal';
+import { createShadowStyle, createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { createStyles, SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 import styles from './minimal-skin.css?inline';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class MinimalAudioSkinElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class MinimalAudioSkinElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'audio-minimal-skin';
-  static styles = createStyles(styles);
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static styles = createShadowStyle(styles);
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(MinimalAudioSkinElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.tailwind.ts b/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.tailwind.ts
index 4e90fe52..177c8fb3 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.tailwind.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.tailwind.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render';
 import {
   button,
@@ -17,9 +16,10 @@ import {
   time,
   tooltipState,
 } from '@videojs/skins/default/tailwind/audio.tailwind';
+import { createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { cn } from '@videojs/utils/style';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
 import '../media/container';
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class AudioSkinTailwindElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class AudioSkinTailwindElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'audio-skin-tailwind';
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(AudioSkinTailwindElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.ts b/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.ts
index 7af08ed7..0de80f85 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/audio/skin.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render';
+import { createShadowStyle, createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { createStyles, SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 import styles from './skin.css?inline';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class AudioSkinElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class AudioSkinElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'audio-skin';
-  static styles = createStyles(styles);
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static styles = createShadowStyle(styles);
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(AudioSkinElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/background/skin.ts b/packages/html/src/define/background/skin.ts
index 9c2a4ebf..739397d9 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/background/skin.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/background/skin.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
 import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
-import { namedNodeMapToObject } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
+import { ensureGlobalStyle, namedNodeMapToObject } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
 import styles from './skin.css?inline';
 
 const STYLES_ID = '__media-background-styles';
 
-function ensureBackgroundStyles(): void {
-  if (document.getElementById(STYLES_ID)) return;
-  const style = document.createElement('style');
-  style.id = STYLES_ID;
-  style.textContent = styles;
-  document.head.appendChild(style);
-}
-
 function getTemplateHTML(_attrs: Record<string, string>) {
   return /*html*/ `
     <media-container>
@@ -31,7 +23,7 @@ export class BackgroundVideoSkinElement extends ReactiveElement {
   constructor() {
     super();
 
-    ensureBackgroundStyles();
+    ensureGlobalStyle(STYLES_ID, styles);
 
     if (!this.shadowRoot) {
       this.attachShadow((this.constructor as typeof BackgroundVideoSkinElement).shadowRootOptions);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/skin-element.ts b/packages/html/src/define/skin-element.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13e17591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/skin-element.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
+import {
+  applyShadowStyles,
+  createShadowStyle,
+  ensureGlobalStyle,
+  renderTemplate,
+  type ShadowStyle,
+} from '@videojs/utils/dom';
+import rootStyles from './base.css?inline';
+import sharedStyles from './shared.css?inline';
+
+const STYLES_ID = '__media-styles';
+const sharedSheet = createShadowStyle(sharedStyles);
+
+/**
+ * Base element for skin definitions. Attaches a shadow root, clones
+ * `static template` into it, and applies shared + per-skin styles
+ * via `adoptedStyleSheets` (or `<style>` fallback).
+ */
+export class SkinElement extends ReactiveElement {
+  static shadowRootOptions: ShadowRootInit = { mode: 'open' };
+  static styles?: ShadowStyle;
+  static template?: HTMLTemplateElement | null;
+
+  constructor() {
+    super();
+
+    ensureGlobalStyle(STYLES_ID, rootStyles);
+
+    if (!this.shadowRoot) {
+      const ctor = this.constructor as typeof SkinElement;
+      this.attachShadow(ctor.shadowRootOptions);
+
+      if (ctor.template) {
+        renderTemplate(this.shadowRoot!, ctor.template);
+      }
+
+      const sheets: ShadowStyle[] = [sharedSheet];
+      if (ctor.styles) {
+        sheets.push(ctor.styles);
+      }
+      applyShadowStyles(this.shadowRoot!, sheets);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/skin-mixin.ts b/packages/html/src/define/skin-mixin.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b0032480..00000000
--- a/packages/html/src/define/skin-mixin.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-import type { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
-import type { Constructor } from '@videojs/utils/types';
-import rootStyles from './base.css?inline';
-import sharedStyles from './shared.css?inline';
-
-const STYLES_ID = '__media-styles';
-type SkinStyles = CSSStyleSheet | string;
-
-function ensureRootStyles(): void {
-  const doc = globalThis.document;
-  if (!doc || doc.getElementById(STYLES_ID)) return;
-
-  const style = doc.createElement('style');
-  style.id = STYLES_ID;
-  style.textContent = rootStyles;
-  doc.head.appendChild(style);
-}
-
-function isConstructableStyleSheet(value: SkinStyles): value is CSSStyleSheet {
-  return typeof globalThis.CSSStyleSheet !== 'undefined' && value instanceof globalThis.CSSStyleSheet;
-}
-
-function getStyleText(style: SkinStyles): string {
-  if (typeof style === 'string') return style;
-
-  return Array.from(style.cssRules)
-    .map((rule) => rule.cssText)
-    .join('\n');
-}
-
-function applyShadowStyles(shadowRoot: ShadowRoot, styles: SkinStyles[]): void {
-  if (styles.every(isConstructableStyleSheet) && 'adoptedStyleSheets' in shadowRoot) {
-    shadowRoot.adoptedStyleSheets = styles;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const doc = shadowRoot.ownerDocument;
-  for (const styleText of styles.map(getStyleText)) {
-    const style = doc.createElement('style');
-    style.textContent = styleText;
-    shadowRoot.appendChild(style);
-  }
-}
-
-const sharedSheet = createStyles(sharedStyles);
-
-/**
- * Mixin for skin elements that renders the template from a static
- * `getTemplateHTML` method into a shadow root. Native `<slot>` elements
- * handle light DOM projection automatically.
- *
- * When `static styles` is set, the stylesheet is adopted into the
- * shadow root via `adoptedStyleSheets`.
- */
-export function SkinMixin<Base extends Constructor<ReactiveElement>>(
-  BaseClass: Base
-): Base & { shadowRootOptions: ShadowRootInit; styles?: SkinStyles } {
-  class SkinElement extends (BaseClass as Constructor<ReactiveElement>) {
-    static shadowRootOptions: ShadowRootInit = { mode: 'open' };
-    static styles?: SkinStyles;
-
-    constructor(...args: any[]) {
-      super(...args);
-
-      ensureRootStyles();
-
-      if (!this.shadowRoot) {
-        const ctor = this.constructor as typeof SkinElement & { getTemplateHTML?: () => string };
-        this.attachShadow(ctor.shadowRootOptions);
-
-        if (ctor.getTemplateHTML) {
-          this.shadowRoot!.innerHTML = ctor.getTemplateHTML();
-        }
-
-        const sheets: SkinStyles[] = [sharedSheet];
-        if (ctor.styles) {
-          sheets.push(ctor.styles);
-        }
-        applyShadowStyles(this.shadowRoot!, sheets);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return SkinElement as unknown as Base & { shadowRootOptions: ShadowRootInit; styles?: SkinStyles };
-}
-
-/** Create a constructable stylesheet when available, otherwise return raw CSS. */
-export function createStyles(css: string): SkinStyles {
-  if (typeof globalThis.CSSStyleSheet === 'undefined') {
-    return css;
-  }
-
-  const sheet = new globalThis.CSSStyleSheet();
-  sheet.replaceSync(css);
-  return sheet;
-}
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts b/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts
index 01e388f9..57bfa2f0 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.tailwind.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render/minimal';
 import {
   bufferingIndicator,
@@ -22,9 +21,10 @@ import {
   time,
   tooltipState,
 } from '@videojs/skins/minimal/tailwind/video.tailwind';
+import { createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { cn } from '@videojs/utils/style';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
 import '../media/container';
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class MinimalVideoSkinTailwindElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class MinimalVideoSkinTailwindElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'video-minimal-skin-tailwind';
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(MinimalVideoSkinTailwindElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.ts b/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.ts
index bd0739a1..a3a820ee 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/video/minimal-skin.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render/minimal';
+import { createShadowStyle, createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { createStyles, SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 import styles from './minimal-skin.css?inline';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
@@ -166,10 +166,10 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class MinimalVideoSkinElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class MinimalVideoSkinElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'video-minimal-skin';
-  static styles = createStyles(styles);
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static styles = createShadowStyle(styles);
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(MinimalVideoSkinElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.tailwind.ts b/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.tailwind.ts
index 34691eff..2d20b391 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.tailwind.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.tailwind.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render';
 import {
   bufferingIndicator,
@@ -22,9 +21,10 @@ import {
   time,
   tooltipState,
 } from '@videojs/skins/default/tailwind/video.tailwind';
+import { createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { cn } from '@videojs/utils/style';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
 import '../media/container';
@@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class VideoSkinTailwindElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class VideoSkinTailwindElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'video-skin-tailwind';
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(VideoSkinTailwindElement);
diff --git a/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.ts b/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.ts
index d1b17146..6f397c82 100644
--- a/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.ts
+++ b/packages/html/src/define/video/skin.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { ReactiveElement } from '@videojs/element';
 import { renderIcon } from '@videojs/icons/render';
+import { createShadowStyle, createTemplate } from '@videojs/utils/dom';
 import { safeDefine } from '../safe-define';
-import { createStyles, SkinMixin } from '../skin-mixin';
+import { SkinElement } from '../skin-element';
 import styles from './skin.css?inline';
 
 // Side-effect imports: register all custom elements used in the template.
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ function getTemplateHTML() {
   `;
 }
 
-export class VideoSkinElement extends SkinMixin(ReactiveElement) {
+export class VideoSkinElement extends SkinElement {
   static readonly tagName = 'video-skin';
-  static styles = createStyles(styles);
-  static getTemplateHTML = getTemplateHTML;
+  static styles = createShadowStyle(styles);
+  static template = createTemplate(getTemplateHTML());
 }
 
 safeDefine(VideoSkinElement);
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/dom/index.ts b/packages/utils/src/dom/index.ts
index fc8d6000..90b2ccc3 100644
--- a/packages/utils/src/dom/index.ts
+++ b/packages/utils/src/dom/index.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,16 @@ export { listen } from './listen';
 export { tryHidePopover, tryShowPopover } from './popover';
 export { isHTMLAudioElement, isHTMLMediaElement, isHTMLVideoElement } from './predicates';
 export { type RafThrottled, rafThrottle } from './raf-throttle';
+export {
+  applyShadowStyles,
+  createShadowStyle,
+  ensureGlobalStyle,
+  type ShadowStyle,
+} from './shadow-styles';
 export { getSlottedElement, querySlot } from './slotted';
 export { applyStyles, resolveCSSLength } from './style';
 export { supportsAnchorPositioning, supportsAnimationFrame, supportsIdleCallback } from './supports';
+export { createTemplate, renderTemplate } from './template';
 export { findTrackElement, getTextTrackList } from './text-track';
 export { serializeTimeRanges } from './time-ranges';
 export type { CustomElement, CustomElementCallbacks } from './types';
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/dom/shadow-styles.ts b/packages/utils/src/dom/shadow-styles.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..717e19a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/utils/src/dom/shadow-styles.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+export type ShadowStyle = CSSStyleSheet | string;
+
+/** Inject a `<style>` tag into `document.head` once (idempotent by `id`). */
+export function ensureGlobalStyle(id: string, css: string): void {
+  const doc = globalThis.document;
+  if (!doc || doc.getElementById(id)) return;
+
+  const style = doc.createElement('style');
+  style.id = id;
+  style.textContent = css;
+  doc.head.appendChild(style);
+}
+
+function isConstructableStyleSheet(value: ShadowStyle): value is CSSStyleSheet {
+  return typeof globalThis.CSSStyleSheet !== 'undefined' && value instanceof globalThis.CSSStyleSheet;
+}
+
+function getStyleText(style: ShadowStyle): string {
+  if (typeof style === 'string') return style;
+
+  return Array.from(style.cssRules)
+    .map((rule) => rule.cssText)
+    .join('\n');
+}
+
+/** Create a constructable stylesheet when available, otherwise return raw CSS. */
+export function createShadowStyle(css: string): ShadowStyle {
+  if (typeof globalThis.CSSStyleSheet === 'undefined') {
+    return css;
+  }
+
+  const sheet = new globalThis.CSSStyleSheet();
+  sheet.replaceSync(css);
+  return sheet;
+}
+
+/** Apply styles to a shadow root using `adoptedStyleSheets` when available, falling back to `<style>` injection. */
+export function applyShadowStyles(shadowRoot: ShadowRoot, styles: ShadowStyle[]): void {
+  if (styles.every(isConstructableStyleSheet) && 'adoptedStyleSheets' in shadowRoot) {
+    shadowRoot.adoptedStyleSheets = styles;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const doc = shadowRoot.ownerDocument;
+  for (const styleText of styles.map(getStyleText)) {
+    const style = doc.createElement('style');
+    style.textContent = styleText;
+    shadowRoot.appendChild(style);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/dom/template.ts b/packages/utils/src/dom/template.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6923c99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/utils/src/dom/template.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/** Create an `HTMLTemplateElement` from an HTML string, or `null` when `document` is unavailable (SSR). */
+export function createTemplate(html: string): HTMLTemplateElement | null {
+  const doc = globalThis.document;
+  if (!doc) return null;
+
+  const template = doc.createElement('template');
+  template.innerHTML = html;
+  return template;
+}
+
+/** Deep-clone a template's content into a container. */
+export function renderTemplate(container: Element | ShadowRoot, template: HTMLTemplateElement): void {
+  container.appendChild(container.ownerDocument.importNode(template.content, true));
+}
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/dom/tests/shadow-styles.test.ts b/packages/utils/src/dom/tests/shadow-styles.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62146229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/utils/src/dom/tests/shadow-styles.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { applyShadowStyles, createShadowStyle, ensureGlobalStyle } from '../shadow-styles';
+
+describe('createShadowStyle', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+  });
+
+  it('returns a CSSStyleSheet when constructable stylesheets are available', () => {
+    const result = createShadowStyle('div { color: red; }');
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(CSSStyleSheet);
+  });
+
+  it('returns raw CSS string when CSSStyleSheet is unavailable', () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('CSSStyleSheet', undefined);
+
+    const css = 'div { color: red; }';
+    const result = createShadowStyle(css);
+    expect(result).toBe(css);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('applyShadowStyles', () => {
+  function createHost(): HTMLElement {
+    const host = document.createElement('div');
+    host.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    document.body.appendChild(host);
+    return host;
+  }
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('uses adoptedStyleSheets when supported and all styles are constructable', () => {
+    const host = createHost();
+    const shadowRoot = host.shadowRoot!;
+    const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();
+    sheet.replaceSync('div { color: red; }');
+
+    let assigned: CSSStyleSheet[] = [];
+    Object.defineProperty(shadowRoot, 'adoptedStyleSheets', {
+      get: () => assigned,
+      set: (value: CSSStyleSheet[]) => {
+        assigned = value;
+      },
+      configurable: true,
+    });
+
+    applyShadowStyles(shadowRoot, [sheet]);
+    expect(assigned).toContain(sheet);
+    expect(shadowRoot.querySelectorAll('style').length).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to <style> injection for string styles', () => {
+    const host = createHost();
+    const css = 'div { color: blue; }';
+
+    applyShadowStyles(host.shadowRoot!, [css]);
+    const styleEls = host.shadowRoot!.querySelectorAll('style');
+    expect(styleEls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(styleEls[0]!.textContent).toBe(css);
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to <style> injection when styles are mixed', () => {
+    const host = createHost();
+    const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();
+    sheet.replaceSync('div { color: red; }');
+    const css = 'div { color: blue; }';
+
+    applyShadowStyles(host.shadowRoot!, [sheet, css]);
+    const styleEls = host.shadowRoot!.querySelectorAll('style');
+    expect(styleEls.length).toBe(2);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('ensureGlobalStyle', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+    document.head.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('injects a <style> tag into document.head', () => {
+    ensureGlobalStyle('test-style', 'body { margin: 0; }');
+
+    const el = document.getElementById('test-style');
+    expect(el).toBeInstanceOf(HTMLStyleElement);
+    expect(el!.textContent).toBe('body { margin: 0; }');
+  });
+
+  it('does not duplicate when called twice with the same id', () => {
+    ensureGlobalStyle('test-dedup', 'a { color: red; }');
+    ensureGlobalStyle('test-dedup', 'a { color: blue; }');
+
+    expect(document.querySelectorAll('#test-dedup').length).toBe(1);
+    expect(document.getElementById('test-dedup')!.textContent).toBe('a { color: red; }');
+  });
+
+  it('does nothing when document is unavailable', () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('document', undefined);
+    expect(() => ensureGlobalStyle('ssr', 'body {}')).not.toThrow();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/dom/tests/template.test.ts b/packages/utils/src/dom/tests/template.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..461fab1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/utils/src/dom/tests/template.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { createTemplate, renderTemplate } from '../template';
+
+describe('createTemplate', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+  });
+
+  it('returns an HTMLTemplateElement with parsed content', () => {
+    const template = createTemplate('<div class="root"><span>Hello</span></div>');
+
+    expect(template).toBeInstanceOf(HTMLTemplateElement);
+    expect(template!.content.querySelector('.root')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(template!.content.querySelector('span')!.textContent).toBe('Hello');
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when document is unavailable', () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal('document', undefined);
+    expect(createTemplate('<div></div>')).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('renderTemplate', () => {
+  it('deep-clones template content into a container', () => {
+    const template = createTemplate('<p>Hello</p><p>World</p>')!;
+    const container = document.createElement('div');
+
+    renderTemplate(container, template);
+
+    expect(container.children).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('<p>Hello</p><p>World</p>');
+  });
+
+  it('appends without clearing existing content', () => {
+    const template = createTemplate('<span>new</span>')!;
+    const container = document.createElement('div');
+    container.innerHTML = '<span>existing</span>';
+
+    renderTemplate(container, template);
+
+    expect(container.children).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(container.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('existing');
+    expect(container.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('new');
+  });
+});