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+---
+status: draft
+date: 2026-04-08
+---
+
+# Media Contracts
+
+A capability-based contract system for media. Custom media authors implement
+plain getters/setters against typed interfaces — no mixins, no proxy magic,
+no DOM recreation.
+
+## Problem
+
+The core media contract is tangled up with platform-specific machinery.
+Mixins, proxies, prototype-walking, and event monkey-patching all live at
+the contract level — so integrators who want to build their own media
+element can't separate "what the API is" from "how the DOM wiring works."
+They look at our HLS implementation as a reference and find four
+interlocking abstractions baked into core that are tough to reason through.
+We want a gold standard like HLS that people can read, understand, and
+replicate without absorbing the full DOM stack.
+
+Proxying isn't inherently a problem — but proxying the entire
+`HTMLMediaElement` API at the core contract level is. Types like
+`HTMLMediaElement`, `TextTrackList`, `Event`, and `EventTarget` make it very difficult to
+build implementations for platforms with DOM limitations or no DOM at all
+(React Native, SSR). We don't need to mirror the DOM 1:1 — just a specific
+subset covering what our player actually uses. Right now there isn't really
+a clear contract; it's an all-or-nothing `HTMLMediaElement` type that ends
+up nudging our own store features into reaching deeper into the DOM than
+they should. And because media creation is fully DOM-coupled in core, we
+wind up needing separate class hierarchies for different platforms (one for
+custom elements, one for React/SSR) — which is the kind of leaky
+architecture that the mixin system was trying to solve but ended up
+compounding. Forwarding a well-defined set of contract properties at the
+HTML element level is fine — the issue is doing it for a platform-specific
+extensive API at the core contract level.
+
+A few things we'd like to address:
+
+1. **Dynamic contract in core** — `defineClassPropHooks` dynamically adds
+   properties by walking prototype chains at runtime, and this happens at
+   the core contract level. The API surface ends up being unpredictable:
+   `in` checks behave inconsistently, `Object.keys()` returns different
+   results depending on which delegate is composed, enumerability varies.
+   It's hard to know the media object's shape from reading any single class.
+
+2. **Inherited complexity** — Media implementors inherit four abstractions
+   (`ProxyMixin`, `DelegateMixin`, `defineClassPropHooks`, `bridgeEvents`)
+   that they don't really need to understand but have to work within. When
+   something breaks, tracing where a property value comes from is tricky —
+   `get(prop)` bounces through delegate → proxy → native element via
+   prototype forwarding that doesn't really show up in the debugger. It's
+   hard to follow, harder to debug, and tough to walk new contributors
+   through.
+
+3. **Misleading store type** — `PlayerTarget.media` is typed as
+   `HTMLMediaElement`, so store features naturally treat it as a full DOM
+   element — calling `querySelectorAll`, accessing `shadowRoot`, referencing
+   `HTMLMediaElement.HAVE_FUTURE_DATA`. The type kind of invites this, and
+   new features tend to reach deeper into the DOM because it looks like
+   they can.
+
+4. **No clear capabilities** — Today it's all-or-nothing. There's no good
+   way to express that a media implementation supports play/pause but not
+   text tracks, or volume but not fullscreen. Engine-specific properties
+   (config, debug, preferPlayback) also end up leaking onto the media
+   object via `defineClassPropHooks`, which muddies what "the media API"
+   actually is.
+
+5. **No async lifecycle** — Engine teardown is synchronous. When switching
+   sources, the old engine's MSE cleanup may not have finished before the
+   new engine starts, which can lead to race conditions.
+
+## Solution
+
+Replace the mixin architecture with:
+
+- **No dynamic contracts or proxies in core** — the core contract is
+  static, typed interfaces. Forwarding a well-defined set of properties
+  happens at the HTML element level, not in core
+- **Capability contracts** — small interfaces that each carry their own
+  typed events
+- **Explicit getters/setters** — no prototype walking or `get`/`set`/`call`
+  indirection
+- **`.engine` property** — engine access through `MediaEngineHost`, not
+  top-level props
+- **Async engine lifecycle** — with hooks for configuration, creation,
+  source loading, and destruction
+- **No DOM in contracts** — `EventLike` instead of `Event`,
+  `TextTrackListLike` instead of `TextTrackList`
+
+---
+
+## Contracts
+
+Everything starts with two primitives: a minimal event and a typed event
+target. No DOM dependency.
+
+### EventLike
+
+```ts
+interface EventLike<Detail = void> {
+  readonly type: string;
+  readonly timeStamp: number;
+  readonly detail?: Detail;
+}
+```
+
+DOM `Event` satisfies this shape. The `detail` bag allows typed payloads
+without needing a second event system — useful for engine-specific events
+(e.g., level switching with data) or any event that carries more than just
+a type.
+
+### EventTargetLike
+
+```ts
+interface EventTargetLike<Events extends Record<string, EventLike>> {
+  addEventListener<K extends keyof Events & string>(
+    type: K,
+    listener: (event: Events[K]) => void,
+    options?: { signal?: AbortSignal },
+  ): void;
+  removeEventListener<K extends keyof Events & string>(
+    type: K,
+    listener: (event: Events[K]) => void,
+  ): void;
+  dispatchEvent(event: EventLike): boolean;
+}
+```
+
+Only option is `{ signal }` for cleanup. DOM `EventTarget` satisfies this
+contract — it accepts more params, the contract doesn't require them.
+
+Helper to create a typed `EventTarget` base class for a given event map:
+
+```ts
+function TypedEventTarget<Events extends Record<string, EventLike>>() {
+  return EventTarget as unknown as { new (): EventTargetLike<Events> };
+}
+```
+
+Usage: `extends TypedEventTarget<VideoEvents>()` gives you a native
+`EventTarget` with typed `addEventListener`.
+
+---
+
+## Capabilities
+
+Each capability is a small interface with its own typed events. Capabilities
+are independent — a media implementation picks the ones it supports.
+
+### MediaPlaybackCapability
+
+The base contract. If it can play, it's media.
+
+```ts
+interface MediaPlaybackEvents {
+  play: EventLike;
+  playing: EventLike;
+  waiting: EventLike;
+}
+
+interface MediaPlaybackCapability {
+  play(): Promise<void>;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaPauseCapability
+
+Not all media can pause — some live streams don't support it. Separate
+from playback so implementations can express this.
+
+```ts
+interface MediaPauseEvents {
+  pause: EventLike;
+  ended: EventLike;
+}
+
+interface MediaPauseCapability {
+  pause(): void;
+  readonly paused: boolean;
+  readonly ended: boolean;
+}
+```
+
+Note: capabilities declare their events but don't extend
+`EventTargetLike`. The composite interfaces (`Video`, `Audio`) extend
+`EventTargetLike` once with the merged event map. This avoids ten
+overlapping `addEventListener` signatures.
+
+### MediaSeekCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaSeekEvents {
+  timeupdate: EventLike;
+  durationchange: EventLike;
+  seeking: EventLike;
+  seeked: EventLike;
+  loadedmetadata: EventLike;
+}
+
+interface MediaSeekCapability {
+  currentTime: number;
+  readonly duration: number;
+  readonly seeking: boolean;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaSourceCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaSourceEvents {
+  loadstart: EventLike;
+  emptied: EventLike;
+  canplay: EventLike;
+  canplaythrough: EventLike;
+  loadeddata: EventLike;
+}
+
+interface MediaSourceCapability {
+  src: string;
+  readonly currentSrc: string;
+  readonly readyState: MediaReadyStateValue;
+  load(): void;
+}
+
+const MediaReadyState = {
+  HAVE_NOTHING: 0,
+  HAVE_METADATA: 1,
+  HAVE_CURRENT_DATA: 2,
+  HAVE_FUTURE_DATA: 3,
+  HAVE_ENOUGH_DATA: 4,
+} as const;
+
+type MediaReadyStateValue = typeof MediaReadyState[keyof typeof MediaReadyState];
+```
+
+### MediaVolumeCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaVolumeEvents { volumechange: EventLike; }
+
+interface MediaVolumeCapability {
+  volume: number;
+  muted: boolean;
+  getVolumeAvailability?(): Promise<MediaFeatureAvailability>;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaPlaybackRateCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaPlaybackRateEvents { ratechange: EventLike; }
+
+interface MediaPlaybackRateCapability {
+  playbackRate: number;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaBufferCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaBufferEvents { progress: EventLike; }
+
+interface TimeRangeLike {
+  readonly length: number;
+  start(index: number): number;
+  end(index: number): number;
+}
+
+interface MediaBufferCapability {
+  readonly buffered: TimeRangeLike;
+  readonly seekable: TimeRangeLike;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaErrorCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaErrorEvents { error: EventLike; }
+
+interface ErrorLike {
+  readonly code: number;
+  readonly message: string;
+}
+
+interface MediaErrorCapability {
+  readonly error: ErrorLike | null;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaTextTrackCapability
+
+Non-DOM text track contract. Compatible with native `TextTrackList` but
+doesn't require DOM types.
+
+```ts
+interface TextCueLike {
+  readonly startTime: number;
+  readonly endTime: number;
+  readonly text: string;
+}
+
+interface TextCueListLike {
+  readonly length: number;
+  [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator<TextCueLike>;
+  getCueById?(id: string): TextCueLike | null;
+}
+
+interface TextTrackLike {
+  readonly kind: string;
+  readonly label: string;
+  readonly language: string;
+  readonly id: string;
+  readonly src?: string;
+  mode: 'showing' | 'disabled' | 'hidden';
+  readonly cues: TextCueListLike | null;
+  addCue?(cue: TextCueLike): void;
+}
+
+interface TextTrackListEvents {
+  addtrack: EventLike;
+  removetrack: EventLike;
+  changetrack: EventLike;
+  trackmodechange: EventLike;
+}
+
+interface TextTrackListLike {
+  readonly length: number;
+  [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator<TextTrackLike>;
+  getTrackById?(id: string): TextTrackLike | null;
+}
+
+interface MediaTextTrackCapability {
+  readonly textTracks: TextTrackListLike;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaFullscreenCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaFullscreenCapability {
+  requestFullscreen(): Promise<void>;
+  exitFullscreen?(): Promise<void>;
+  readonly fullscreen?: boolean;
+  getFullscreenAvailability?(): Promise<MediaFeatureAvailability>;
+}
+```
+
+### MediaPictureInPictureCapability
+
+```ts
+interface MediaPictureInPictureCapability {
+  requestPictureInPicture(): Promise<void>;
+  exitPictureInPicture?(): Promise<void>;
+  readonly pip?: boolean;
+  getPictureInPictureAvailability?(): Promise<MediaFeatureAvailability>;
+}
+```
+
+Availability methods (`get*Availability`) return
+`Promise<MediaFeatureAvailability>` — `'available'`, `'unavailable'`, or
+`'unsupported'`. They're optional on the capability (not all implementations
+need them) and async so they can probe the platform without blocking. Store
+features call them once at attach time and cache the result.
+
+---
+
+## Media — the full contract
+
+The minimum viable media is `MediaPlaybackCapability`:
+
+```ts
+interface MediaEvents extends MediaPlaybackEvents {}
+
+interface Media extends
+  MediaPlaybackCapability,
+  EventTargetLike<MediaEvents> {
+  readonly engine?: unknown;
+  readonly nativeElement?: unknown;
+}
+```
+
+That's it — `play()` and optional untyped references to engine and native
+element. A native `HTMLVideoElement` satisfies this. So does a bare-bones
+custom implementation.
+
+Everything else is opt-in via capabilities. `Video` and `Audio` are the
+standard full contracts — each extends `EventTargetLike` once with a
+merged event map:
+
+```ts
+interface VideoEvents extends
+  MediaPlaybackEvents, MediaPauseEvents, MediaSeekEvents, MediaSourceEvents,
+  MediaVolumeEvents, MediaPlaybackRateEvents, MediaBufferEvents,
+  MediaErrorEvents, TextTrackListEvents {}
+
+interface Video extends
+  Media,
+  MediaPauseCapability,
+  MediaSeekCapability,
+  MediaSourceCapability,
+  MediaVolumeCapability,
+  MediaPlaybackRateCapability,
+  MediaBufferCapability,
+  MediaErrorCapability,
+  MediaTextTrackCapability,
+  MediaFullscreenCapability,
+  MediaPictureInPictureCapability,
+  EventTargetLike<VideoEvents> {}
+
+interface AudioEvents extends
+  MediaPlaybackEvents, MediaPauseEvents, MediaSeekEvents, MediaSourceEvents,
+  MediaVolumeEvents, MediaPlaybackRateEvents, MediaBufferEvents,
+  MediaErrorEvents {}
+
+interface Audio extends
+  Media,
+  MediaPauseCapability,
+  MediaSeekCapability,
+  MediaSourceCapability,
+  MediaVolumeCapability,
+  MediaPlaybackRateCapability,
+  MediaBufferCapability,
+  MediaErrorCapability,
+  EventTargetLike<AudioEvents> {}
+```
+
+`Audio` doesn't include fullscreen, PiP, or text tracks. Each composite
+extends `EventTargetLike` once — one `addEventListener` signature, one
+emitter, clean composition.
+
+### In the store
+
+`PlayerTarget.media` is typed as `Media` — the minimal contract. Store
+features can only access `play()` and `engine?` by default. Everything
+else — including `readyState` — requires a type guard.
+
+```ts
+interface PlayerTarget {
+  media: Media;
+  container: MediaContainer | null;
+}
+```
+
+Features that need optional capabilities use type guards:
+
+```ts
+attach({ target, signal, set }) {
+  const { media } = target;
+
+  // Source capability includes readyState — guard first
+  if (isMediaSourceCapable(media)) {
+    const waiting = media.readyState < MediaReadyState.HAVE_FUTURE_DATA;
+  }
+
+  // Volume is optional — guard first
+  if (isMediaVolumeCapable(media)) {
+    set({ volume: media.volume, muted: media.muted });
+    listen(media, 'volumechange', () => {
+      set({ volume: media.volume, muted: media.muted });
+    }, { signal });
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Package split
+
+### Core DOM (`@videojs/core/dom`)
+
+Element host classes forward the contract to a native element. The base
+is generic over both the element type and the event map, extending
+`EventTargetLike` through the type parameter.
+
+```ts
+// Base — receives a native element, forwards Media contract to it
+class HTMLMediaElementHost<
+  T extends HTMLMediaElement,
+  Events extends Record<string, EventLike>
+> extends TypedEventTarget<Events>() {
+
+  readonly nativeElement: T | null;
+  attachElement(nativeElement: T): void;
+
+  // Shared forwarding (Media contract)
+  get paused() { return this.nativeElement?.paused ?? true; }
+  play() { return this.nativeElement?.play() ?? Promise.reject(); }
+  get readyState() { return this.nativeElement?.readyState ?? 0; }
+  // ...
+}
+
+// Implements Video — events extensible by subclasses
+class HTMLVideoElementHost<Events extends VideoEvents = VideoEvents>
+  extends HTMLMediaElementHost<HTMLVideoElement, Events>
+  implements Video {
+
+  get video(): HTMLVideoElement | null { return this.nativeElement; }
+  // Video-specific: fullscreen, PiP, text tracks forwarded
+}
+
+// Implements Audio — events extensible by subclasses
+class HTMLAudioElementHost<Events extends AudioEvents = AudioEvents>
+  extends HTMLMediaElementHost<HTMLAudioElement, Events>
+  implements Audio {
+
+  get audio(): HTMLAudioElement | null { return this.nativeElement; }
+  // No fullscreen, PiP, or text tracks
+}
+```
+
+Media implementations extend these and add engine support:
+
+```ts
+interface HlsVideoEvents extends VideoEvents {
+  hlserror: EventLike<{ fatal: boolean; details: string }>;
+}
+
+class HlsVideo extends HTMLVideoElementHost<HlsVideoEvents>
+  implements MediaEngineHost<Hls, HTMLVideoElement> {
+
+  readonly engine: Hls | null;
+  attachEngine(target: HTMLVideoElement) { /* ... */ }
+  detachEngine() { /* ... */ }
+  destroyEngine(): Promise<void> { /* ... */ }
+
+  override get src() { return this.#src; }
+  override set src(src: string) { this.#requestLoad(); }
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
+### HTML (`@videojs/html`)
+
+```ts
+abstract class VideoElement extends MediaElementMixin(HTMLElement) {
+  abstract readonly media: Video;
+  // shadow DOM, <video> template, slots, attribute forwarding, events
+}
+
+abstract class AudioElement extends MediaElementMixin(HTMLElement) {
+  abstract readonly media: Audio;
+  // shadow DOM, <audio> template, slots, attribute forwarding, events
+}
+```
+
+Forwarding the `Media` contract from the host to the custom element is
+based on a well-defined, static set of properties — not dynamic prototype
+walking.
+
+Subclasses provide the core media host:
+
+```ts
+export class HlsVideoElement extends VideoElement {
+  static readonly tagName = 'hls-video';
+  readonly media = new HlsVideo();
+}
+```
+
+### What custom media authors implement
+
+- Extend `HTMLVideoElementHost` or `HTMLAudioElementHost` in core
+- Implement `MediaEngineHost` for engine lifecycle
+- Override `attachEngine()`, `detachEngine()`, `destroyEngine()`
+- Override `src` and any getters that route through their engine
+- Extend `VideoElement` or `AudioElement` in HTML package, provide the host instance
+
+---
+
+## Engine
+
+### MediaEngineHost
+
+```ts
+interface MediaEngineHost<Engine = unknown, Target = unknown> {
+  readonly engine: Engine | null;
+  attachEngine?(target: Target): void;
+  detachEngine?(): void;
+  destroyEngine(): Promise<void>;
+  setEngineCallbacks?(callbacks: Partial<MediaEngineCallbacks<Engine, Target>>): void;
+}
+```
+
+`attachEngine()` wires the engine to its target. Internally calls
+`attachElement()` on the host — so the host gets the native element
+and the engine gets attached in one step.
+
+`destroyEngine()` is async — MSE cleanup, network abort, SourceBuffer
+removal. Must complete before a new engine is created.
+
+### MediaEngineCallbacks
+
+Lifecycle hooks the media class calls *out* to during transitions.
+Set externally via `setEngineCallbacks()`.
+
+```ts
+interface MediaEngineCallbacks<Engine = unknown, Target = unknown> {
+  onEngineConfig(config: Record<string, unknown>): void;
+  onEngineCreate(engine: Engine): void;
+  onEngineAttach(engine: Engine, target: Target): void;
+  onSourceChange(engine: Engine, src: string): void;
+  onEngineDetach(engine: Engine): void;
+  onEngineDestroy(engine: Engine): Promise<void>;
+}
+```
+
+### Engine lifecycle
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│  1. Configure       onEngineConfig(config)              │
+│  2. Create          onEngineCreate(engine)              │
+│  3. Attach          onEngineAttach(engine, target)      │
+│  4. Source          onSourceChange(engine, src)         │
+│  5. Detach          onEngineDetach(engine)              │
+│  6. Destroy         onEngineDestroy(engine) → Promise   │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+Methods (`attachEngine`, `detachEngine`, `destroyEngine`) perform the
+work. Callbacks fire at each step for external hooks.
+
+Source change flow:
+
+```
+src = "new.m3u8"
+  → microtask coalesce
+  → await destroyEngine() (if pending)
+  → engine config changed?
+    ├─ yes → detachEngine() → destroyEngine() → await
+    │        onEngineConfig → onEngineCreate → attachEngine
+    └─ no  → reuse engine
+  → onSourceChange(engine, src)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Type guards and helpers
+
+### Capability type guards
+
+Duck-typing — `isObject(value) && 'propName' in value`.
+
+```ts
+isMediaPauseCapable(value)             // → value is MediaPauseCapability
+isMediaSourceCapable(value)            // → value is MediaSourceCapability
+isMediaSeekCapable(value)              // → value is MediaSeekCapability
+isMediaVolumeCapable(value)            // → value is MediaVolumeCapability
+isMediaBufferCapable(value)            // → value is MediaBufferCapability
+isMediaFullscreenCapable(value)        // → value is MediaFullscreenCapability
+isMediaPictureInPictureCapable(value)  // → value is MediaPictureInPictureCapability
+isMediaTextTrackCapable(value)         // → value is MediaTextTrackCapability
+isMediaEngineHost(value)               // → value is MediaEngineHost
+```
+
+### Media type guards
+
+Narrow to a specific implementation or host type:
+
+```ts
+// Core host
+isHTMLVideoElementHost(media)          // → media is HTMLVideoElementHost
+isHTMLAudioElementHost(media)          // → media is HTMLAudioElementHost
+
+// HTML custom elements
+isVideoElement(media)            // → media is VideoElement
+isAudioElement(media)            // → media is AudioElement
+
+// Specific implementations
+isHlsVideo(media)                      // → media is HlsVideo
+isDashVideo(media)                     // → media is DashVideo
+```
+
+### Helpers
+
+```ts
+resolveHTMLVideoElement(media): HTMLVideoElement | null
+resolveHTMLAudioElement(media): HTMLAudioElement | null
+```
+
+### Examples
+
+```ts
+attach({ target, signal, set }) {
+  const { media } = target;
+
+  if (isHlsVideo(media)) {
+    media.engine?.on(Hls.Events.LEVEL_SWITCHING, (_, data) => {
+      set({ currentLevel: data.level });
+    });
+  }
+
+  const video = resolveHTMLVideoElement(media);
+  if (video) {
+    const stream = video.captureStream();
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## HLS — The Reference Implementation
+
+The HLS media is the primary example. It's a plain class in core — no
+`HTMLElement`, no shadow DOM.
+
+### Core class
+
+```ts
+class HlsVideo extends HTMLVideoElementHost<HlsVideoEvents>
+  implements MediaEngineHost<Hls, HTMLVideoElement> {
+
+  override attachEngine(target: HTMLVideoElement) {
+    this.engine?.attachMedia(target);
+  }
+
+  override detachEngine() {
+    this.engine?.detachMedia();
+  }
+
+  override async destroyEngine() {
+    const engine = this.engine;
+    if (!engine) return;
+    engine.detachMedia();
+    engine.destroy();
+    // TODO: await actual MSE SourceBuffer cleanup, not just a microtask
+  }
+
+  // src routes through engine
+  get src() { return this.#src; }
+  set src(src: string) {
+    this.#src = src;
+    this.#requestLoad();
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Usage
+
+```html
+<!-- Standard: shadow DOM creates the <video> -->
+<video-player>
+  <hls-video src="stream.m3u8" playsinline></hls-video>
+</video-player>
+
+<script>
+  const el = document.querySelector('hls-video');
+  el.engine;       // → Hls instance
+  el.nativeElement; // → inner <video> element (HTMLVideoElement | null)
+  el.play();       // → media contract
+  el.paused;       // → media contract
+</script>
+```
+
+`VideoElement` forwards native video attributes (`playsinline`,
+`poster`, `crossorigin`, `loop`, `autoplay`, `muted`, `preload`) to
+the inner `<video>`. These are element configuration, not media
+capabilities.
+
+### Slotting your own video element
+
+```html
+<hls-video src="stream.m3u8">
+  <video slot="media" playsinline></video>
+</hls-video>
+```
+
+The slotted `<video>` replaces the default shadow DOM `<video>`.
+`VideoElement` detects it via the `media` slot and uses it as
+the engine target. The media contract still works.
+
+### Store integration — unchanged
+
+```ts
+const playbackFeature = definePlayerFeature({
+  name: 'playback',
+  state: ({ target }): MediaPlaybackState => ({
+    paused: true,
+    play() { return target().media.play(); },
+    pause() { target().media.pause(); },
+  }),
+  attach({ target, signal, set }) {
+    const { media } = target;
+    const sync = () => set({ paused: media.paused, ended: media.ended });
+    listen(media, 'play', sync, { signal });
+    listen(media, 'pause', sync, { signal });
+  },
+});
+```
+
+---
+
+## HlsVideoElement — HTML package registration
+
+`HlsVideo` is a plain class in `@videojs/core`. The HTML package wraps
+it as a custom element:
+
+```ts
+// packages/html/src/media/hls-video/index.ts
+export class HlsVideoElement extends VideoElement {
+  static readonly tagName = 'hls-video';
+  readonly media = new HlsVideo();
+}
+
+safeDefine(HlsVideoElement);
+```
+
+`VideoElement` creates the shadow DOM with a `<video>` template,
+resolves the video target (default or slotted), calls `attachElement(video)`
+on the media host, forwards contract events and attributes, and handles
+store context registration.
+
+```html
+<video-player>
+  <hls-video src="stream.m3u8" playsinline></hls-video>
+</video-player>
+```
+
+The split:
+
+| Package | Class | Responsibility |
+|---------|-------|----------------|
+| `@videojs/core/dom` | `HTMLMediaElementHost` (base scaffold) | Shared element forwarding |
+| `@videojs/core/dom` | `HTMLVideoElementHost implements Video` | Full `Video` contract + typed `VideoEventTarget` |
+| `@videojs/core/dom` | `HTMLAudioElementHost implements Audio` | Full `Audio` contract + typed `AudioEventTarget` |
+| `@videojs/core/dom` | `HlsVideo extends HTMLVideoElementHost` | HLS engine + contract overrides |
+| `@videojs/html` | `MediaElementMixin` | Store context registration |
+| `@videojs/html` | `VideoElement` (abstract) | Shadow DOM, video template, slots, attributes, events, store context |
+| `@videojs/html` | `AudioElement` (abstract) | Shadow DOM, audio template, slots, attributes, events, store context |
+| `@videojs/html` | `HlsVideoElement extends VideoElement` | Provides `HlsVideo` host, registered as `<hls-video>` |